When a ray of light passes from one medium to another,which quantity remains constant?

The wavelength of light in air and some other medium are respectively ${\lambda_a}$ and ${\lambda_m}$. The refractive index of the medium is:

Consider a light ray travelling in air incident into a medium of refractive index $\sqrt{2n}$. The incident angle is twice that of the refracting angle. Then,the angle of incidence will be

$A$ vessel of height $2d$ is half-filled with a liquid of refractive index $\sqrt{2}$ and the other half with a liquid of refractive index $n$ (the given liquids are immiscible). Then the apparent depth of the inner surface of the bottom of the vessel (neglecting the thickness of the bottom of the vessel) will be

$A$ monochromatic light is travelling in a medium of refractive index $n=1.6$. It enters a stack of glass layers from the bottom side at an angle $\theta=30^{\circ}$. The interfaces of the glass layers are parallel to each other. The refractive indices of different glass layers are monotonically decreasing as $n_m=n-m \Delta n$,where $n_m$ is the refractive index of the $m^{\text{th}}$ slab and $\Delta n=0.1$ (see the figure). The ray is refracted out parallel to the interface between the $(m-1)^{\text{th}}$ and $m^{\text{th}}$ slabs from the right side of the stack. What is the value of $m$?

Blue light travelling in a vacuum has a wavelength of $450 \ nm$. It enters a medium whose refractive index is $1.5$. What is its frequency in the medium? $(Speed of light in vacuum = 3 \times 10^8 \ m \ s^{-1})$